Field optics that led to specialization in the treatment of eye disease came from which tradition?

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The development of optics that led to specializing in eye disease emerged in the Arabic scientific tradition. Islamic scholars, notably Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), advanced experimental optics and vision theory, showing how light and lenses form images and how refraction works. His Book of Optics fused careful observation with experimentation and provided foundational principles for instruments and treatments related to the eye. This rigorous, instrument- and observation-based approach to vision and eye care shaped ophthalmology as a distinct field in medieval Islamic medicine and later influenced Europe. While Greek, Chinese, and Indian traditions contributed to medicine in other ways, the Arabic tradition is the one most closely linked to the emergence of optics as a basis for treating eye diseases.